
Jointly funded by the governments of Tokelau and New Zealand, the $NZ9 million ($USD5.7m) system will be installed by New Zealand company Vector PowerSmart.. Jointly funded by the governments of Tokelau and New Zealand, the $NZ9 million ($USD5.7m) system will be installed by New Zealand company Vector PowerSmart.. The New Zealand government provided NZ$7 million (US$5.8 million) to help finance the project though the full cost of the systems was NZ$8.5 million. [pdf]
Solar Array’s seen on the three tiny islands of Tokelau to completely produce solar power energy. The renewable energy system comprising of solar panels, storage batteries and generators running on biofuel derived from coconut will generate enough electricity to meet 150% of the islands’ power demand.
Tokelau's solar energy systemis set to be upgraded on each of its three atolls. Jointly funded by the governments of Tokelau and New Zealand, the $NZ9 million ($USD5.7m) system will be installed by New Zealand company Vector PowerSmart.
Each system alone is among the largest off-grid solar power systems in the world, and together they are capable of providing 150% of current electricity demand in Tokelau, a much higher amount than the 90% that was originally planned for.
Jointly funded by the governments of Tokelau and New Zealand, the $NZ9 million ($USD5.7m) system will be installed by New Zealand companyVector PowerSmart. Tokelau's existing solar system was eight years old and in need of upgrading because of increasing demand for electricity and wear and tear from the harsh marine environment, it said.
Vector PowerSmart chief operating officer Colin Daly said the project would mean the people of Tokelau would enjoy "clean, reliable and renewable energy" for years to come. Additional 210 kilowatt solar arrays would be installed on Atafu, Fakaofo and Nukunonu, along with two megawatt hour lithium ion battery storage systems.
Yet despite the challenges involved in installing comprehensive solar systems in such a remote location, switching to solar was absolutely crucial for the tiny collection of islands. "Tokelau’s atolls are low-lying and especially susceptible to the adverse effects of climate change," Mayhew stressed.

Small-scale lithium-ion residential battery systems in the German market suggest that between 2014 and 2020, battery energy storage systems (BESS) prices fell by 71%, to USD 776/kWh.. Small-scale lithium-ion residential battery systems in the German market suggest that between 2014 and 2020, battery energy storage systems (BESS) prices fell by 71%, to USD 776/kWh.. The average price of electricity in Germany, in June of 2024, has been 0.3951€ per kilowatt hour. Electricity price has decreased € 0.0069 kWh, 1.72% since the previous semester.. The Cost of BESS System for Solar Power typically ranges from €500 to €1,500 per kWh of storage. [pdf]
In early 2024, the price of residential BESS offered to end consumers in Europe ranged widely, from €400 to more than €1,200 per kilowatt-hour (kWh) (Exhibit 2). Historically, European OEMs built trust-based brands by highlighting their “made in Europe” status and rode the first-mover wave over the past ten years.
Small-scale lithium-ion residential battery systems in the German market suggest that between 2014 and 2020, battery energy storage systems (BESS) prices fell by 71%, to USD 776/kWh.
These international players are placing cost pressure on European BESS OEMs by driving down prices. In early 2024, the price of residential BESS offered to end consumers in Europe ranged widely, from €400 to more than €1,200 per kilowatt-hour (kWh) (Exhibit 2).
The $/kWh costs we report can be converted to $/kW costs simply by multiplying by the duration (e.g., a $300/kWh, 4-hour battery would have a power capacity cost of $1200/kW). To develop cost projections, storage costs were normalized to their 2022 value such that each projection started with a value of 1 in 2022.
Furthermore, rising interest rates and the general decline of the European economy mean consumers are more conservative when it comes to making investments in energy alternatives, such as solar photovoltaic (PV) and BESS, which can easily cost up to €30,000.
After years of exponential growth, demand for BESS in Europe has temporarily flattened, with McKinsey research showing approximately 150 percent growth in the first half of 2023, which slowed to 10 percent in the second half of 2023 for Germany.

As of September 2023, the price of electricity used in households in Ghana amounted to 1.65 Ghanaian cedis, some 0.13 U.S. dollars, per kilowatt hour.. As of September 2023, the price of electricity used in households in Ghana amounted to 1.65 Ghanaian cedis, some 0.13 U.S. dollars, per kilowatt hour.. The BGC captured in the tariff gazetted by the PURC in January 2023 is GHp 85.84/kWh, making up 61% of the average End User Tariff (EUT) of GHS 1.41/kWh. [pdf]
Factoring in these costs from the beginning ensures there are no unexpected expenses when the battery reaches the end of its useful life. To better understand BESS costs, it’s useful to look at the cost per kilowatt-hour (kWh) stored. As of recent data, the average cost of a BESS is approximately $400-$600 per kWh. Here’s a simple breakdown:
2023 costs for residential BESS are based on NREL’s bottom-up BESS cost model using the data and methodology of (Ramasamy et al., 2023), who estimated costs for only alternating current (AC) coupled systems. We use the same model and methodology, but we do not restrict the power or energy capacity of the BESS to two options.
The power and energy costs can be used to determine the costs for any duration of utility-scale BESS. Definition: The bottom-up cost model documented by (Ramasamy et al., 2022) contains detailed cost components for battery-only systems costs (as well as batteries combined with photovoltaics [PV]).
Projected Utility-Scale BESS Costs: Future cost projections for utility-scale BESS are based on a synthesis of cost projections for 4-hour duration systems as described by (Cole and Karmakar, 2023). The share of energy and power costs for batteries is assumed to be the same as that described in the Storage Futures Study (Augustine and Blair, 2021).
The $/kWh costs we report can be converted to $/kW costs simply by multiplying by the duration (e.g., a $300/kWh, 4-hour battery would have a power capacity cost of $1200/kW). To develop cost projections, storage costs were normalized to their 2022 value such that each projection started with a value of 1 in 2022.
Modern BESS solutions often include sophisticated software that helps manage energy storage, optimize usage, and extend battery life. This software can be an added expense, either as a one-time purchase or a subscription model. Effective software can lead to cost savings over time by ensuring the system operates at maximum efficiency.
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